As we delve into the depths of social psychology, we often encounter experiments that shed light on the most complex aspects of human nature. Professor Muzafer Sherif’s famous “Robbers Cave” experiment is one such example. In a way, this experiment, which is a reflection of our daily lives, is an important research study conducted to understand the dynamics of conflict and cooperation between groups. In this article, we will explore the Robbers Cave experiment to uncover the connections between conflict and collaboration in human relationships.
Before delving into this experiment and what it tells us, it’s worth mentioning a bit about Professor Muzafer Sherif. Professor Muzafer Sherif is one of the leading figures in social psychology and has made significant contributions, particularly in the areas of group dynamics and social interaction. Born in 1906 in Izmir, Turkey, Sherif showed an interest in psychology at a young age and gained recognition as a pioneering researcher in the field. Continuing his education in the United States, Sherif completed his doctorate in social psychology at the University of Chicago. Throughout his career, he conducted in-depth research on topics such as social norms, group interaction, conflict, and cooperation, and conducted many important experiments. However, one of his most well-known and influential studies is the “Robbers Cave” experiment, which investigates intergroup conflict and cooperation.
The Experiment with 22 Children at Robbers Cave
In the summer of 1954, 22 eleven-year-old boys from white, middle-class families arrived at a campsite called Robbers Cave for a three-week camp. Unaware that they were part of a series of experiments, these boys, who had never met before, were randomly divided into two groups. They arrived at the campsite in separate buses and two separate camps were set up at a distance where they could not perceive each other visually or audibly. Each group was provided with separate facilities for activities such as bathing, boating, and making fires. The toilets were shared but had different usage times. Thus, in the first week of the camp, two groups were formed, one aware of its solidarity and the existence of the other group. These groups were named Eagles and Rattlers.
Eagles vs. Rattlers?
In the second week, contact between the groups starts and the purpose of this contact is to trigger competition between the groups. Through activities such as sports competitions, competition between groups increases rapidly and feelings of hostility develop. There is mutual belittling, swearing and hostile behavior. In contrast, the groups become more united within themselves.
In the third week, the researchers initiate an integration phase to reduce the conflict between the groups. However, pleasant events and joint activities are ineffective in reducing the conflict. The groups continue to attack each other and even shared meals turn into an atmosphere of hostility. This shows that unplanned contact between groups alone is not enough to reduce hostility.
Then Comes High-Level Goals!
Now, the critical point of the experiment is approaching. In the fourth week researchers introduce some high-level goals that the groups cannot achieve alone, thereby promoting cooperation. For example, significant tasks such as repairing a punctured water tank require the joint effort of both groups. Another example of cooperation is raising money from both groups for a film to be shown at the camp. Then, an unexpected situation such as the truck bringing food slipping into the water necessitates cooperation between the groups for the third time. It is observed that groups regularly working together toward high-level goals gradually reduce the conflict and negative feelings between them. As a result, when leaving the camp, the groups agree to board the same bus and start building new friendships between them.
What Does Robbers Cave Experiement Tell Us?
Conflict is a phenomenon that is often triggered by specific structural and social situations. As in the Cave of Thieves Experiment, the creation of a competitive environment, even among groups that have never met each other and were formed after the fact, can trigger feelings of conflict and hostility. This competitive atmosphere can make interaction between groups difficult and create barriers to cooperation.
However, in the later stages of the experiment, we observe that by identifying common goals between the groups and encouraging cooperation, the conflict can be transformed. This is because a common goal, such as repairing a water tank, requires groups to come together and work towards a common goal. Similarly, negotiations with camp administrators and joint fundraising efforts contribute to increased mutual understanding and cooperation between groups.
Based on this experiment, it is not difficult to say that even between conflicting groups, cooperation and solidarity are possible. Focusing on common goals instead of competitive dynamics can transform conflict environments and allow for solution-oriented approaches to be adopted. Similar dynamics exist in our lives. When we are in competition individually or socially, we carry a sense of conflict with us. Therefore, it is important to recognize the importance of collaboration-oriented approaches in societal work and interpersonal relationships, focusing on common goals.
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Tunç Karaçay
Conflictus Conflict Resolution Training and Consultancy
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References:
Sherif, M. (2014). Intergroup Conflict and Cooperation: The Robbers Cave Experiment (Translated by Aysun Toker). Ekinoks Publishing.
Sherif, M. (1956). Experiments in group conflict. Scientific American, 195(5), 54–58. Tajfel,
H., & Turner, J. C. (1991). Intergroup Conflict and Cooperation: An Integrative Theory. Turkish Psychologists Association Publications.
Golding, W. (2009). Lord of the Flies (Translated by Mina Urgan). Can Yayınları. Robbers
Cave Experiment: Intergroup Conflict and Cooperation”, PsikolojiTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8PRuxMprSDQ
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