Although the concept of social cohesion began to be discussed in Turkey especially with the intensive migration following the war in Syria, it is a phenomenon frequently addressed by social sciences with various definitions. While it has many definitions, social cohesion can be simply described as the product of the ongoing interaction between migrants and the local community. This process can be defined as a dynamic and continuous process of change in which immigrants and the local community adapt to each other.
When discussing this concept, it is essential to consider three different dynamics: migrant groups, local people already living there and the current administration. The social cohesion process aims to improve the quality of life of both migrants and local people by ensuring a balance between these three dynamics. However, conflicts are inevitable in this process, and resolving these conflicts plays a critical role in ensuring social cohesion.
At this point, it is crucial to ask the right questions when examining the social cohesion process from a conflict resolution perspective. For example, how can we ensure the adaptation of migrant groups to their new living environments? What should be done to ensure that the interaction of local people and migrant groups occurs without conflict? How should we approach potential conflicts between these groups? Diversifying these questions and seeking answers to them would constitute an essential step towards conflict resolution. Of course, the answers to these questions will lead us to the theories and dynamics of conflict resolution.
The Concept of Conflict and Basic Needs Theory
Conflict can be defined as a situation where two or more parties are in competition with each other to achieve their goals or where their interests do not coincide. At the social level, it is possible to say that it is an inevitable part of social change. When we add the ‘effect of the system’ to this, it is possible to look at this concept from a structural framework. At this point, as Galtung states, when we talk about conflict, we are talking about the existence of a dynamic process in which the structure (system), behaviours and attitudes are constantly changing and affecting each other.
Conflicts can arise at the personal, societal or international level and can be fuelled by various sources. At this point, Burton's Basic Needs Theory provides an important framework for understanding the origins (sources) of conflicts. This theory argues that conflicts will arise if people's basic needs are not met. Basic needs include elements such as security, identity, recognition, participation and development. If individuals and/or groups cannot fulfil these needs, social cohesion is disrupted and need-oriented conflicts become inevitable. In the context of social cohesion, migrants' needs for housing, employment and social acceptance may overlap with similar needs of the local population and this may lead to conflicts.
In addition, economic injustice can create tension between different segments of society, leading to interest-oriented conflicts. Economic problems such as income inequality, poverty and unemployment can lead to social unrest and conflict. Inequitable distribution of resources, in particular, can fuel competition and conflict between social groups.
On the other hand, these conflicts also have a value-oriented dimension. Especially in places where cultural differences and ethnic identities cannot be freely expressed, and beliefs cannot be freely practised, value-oriented conflicts are likely to arise between groups. These conflicts may trigger segregation and polarisation within the society. However, it should be noted that social conflicts typically do not stem from a single source. One or more of these sources may constitute the root cause of a conflict. Understanding what these sources are gives us information about which strategy to use in conflict resolution processes. For example, if it is understood that one of the sources is ‘value orientated’, it will be necessary to see if there is another source of conflict (fortunately, values are not usually the sole source). Arguing over values in negotiation or mediation processes is often pointless, as it keeps the parties entrenched in their positions and may lead to a stalemate. Once this is understood, looking at whether there is another resource that is needs or interest orientated and taking steps to address them will help in conflict resolution.
To emphasize, in the context of Basic Needs Theory, meeting the basic needs of people and groups is critical for conflict prevention and resolution. Success in conflict resolution depends on understanding the sources of social issues and developing strategies to address them. Therefore, considering social cohesion from a conflict resolution perspective can be an important step in building healthier and more sustainable societies.
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Dilara Gök
Conflictus Conflict Resolution Training and Consultancy
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Saggar, S., Somerville, W., Ford, R. ve Sobolewska, M. (2012). The impacts of migration on social cohesion and integration: Final report: Migration Advisory Committee
Miall, Hugh; Woodhouse, Tom & Ramsbotham, Oliver. (1999). Contemporary Conflict Resolution, Cambridge: Polity Press.
Galtung, Johan (1996). Conflict Transformation by Peaceful Means. London: Sage.
Burton, John (1990). Conflict: Basic Human Needs. New York: St. Martins Press
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